![]() As many as seven men were needed to position and hammer a single anvil during this process. Next, the hardened steel faceplate was hammer-welded into place and final finishing was done by hand, using sledge hammers, flatters and other shaping tools as well as grinders. The scrap iron was forge-welded, and the resulting block was shaped into an anvil under a trip hammer. Wrought-iron anvils were made of blocks that started out as piles of scrap iron. A few manufacturers sold steel-faced cast iron anvils that worked fairly well. After the process for making steel was discovered, the soft wrought iron anvils then being used were fitted with a hardened steel faceplate, and when cast iron became available about 1600, it was much cheaper than steel, so some anvils were made of that material.Ĭhilling could harden the face of a cast iron anvil but cast iron is brittle, so these anvils couldn’t be used for heavy work. Iron anvils have been found in Roman ruins, and the anvil is mentioned in the Bible in Isaiah 41:7.Įarly anvils were made of many materials, including stone, iron-bearing meteorites, bronze and iron as already mentioned. until they were subdued by the Romans in about 100 A.D. Iron weapons appeared among the barbarian tribes of central Europe about 700 B.C., and were spread westward by the Celts, who dominated much of Europe from 650 B.C. They dominated the Middle East for 500 years before their civilization finally crumbed. Iron is harder and tougher than bronze, and soon the Hittites were crafting superior weapons. After cooling, the casting was reheated and hammered to harden the metal.Ībout 1,700 B.C., the Hittites in Asia Minor discovered iron and how to smelt it. ![]() The molten bronze was poured into the stone mold and covered with a clay cap. Axes, daggers and similar weapons and tools were cast in open molds chipped out of stone. These meteorites are quite hard and consist mostly of iron with a bit of nickel and other trace elements.Įventually, both hammers and anvils were made of bronze a number of bronze anvils have been found and dated to between 1,200 and 800 B.C. Pieces of meteorites that appear to have been used as anvils also have been unearthed. The early smiths used stone hammers to beat the copper and lead, and stones served as their anvils. Another millennium passed, though, before smiths learned how to mix molten copper and tin to make bronze. Also, copper was being used to make weapons and tools by 4,000 B.C. ![]() Postman, copper and lead were being smelted together and the resulting lumps of metal hammered into thin sheets and used for ornaments by 5,400 B.C. According to Anvils in America, by Richard A. The discovery of metalworking, which began in the area of present-day Turkey and Iran about 6,000 B.C., changed the world. Most early farm shops had an anvil, or at least a chunk of railroad rail that could be used to straighten or bend metal, set rivets – and crack walnuts. Instead, we’ll take a look at the histoy of anvils. ![]() If you can get them to warm up to you a bit you can possibly come home with a good anvil at a price you can agree on.This month’s column is a change of pace from tractors and farm equipment. My Mom always told me that I had the gift of gab, and could talk to anyone on many subjects. It is that set that I have at work now, and I use them everyday. I grabbed some of my machine tool supply catalogs, and totaled up $6,200 worth of tools. ![]() I got them for $550, and it took both of us to carry the top box to my truck. We chatted for awhile, then he told me that he would rather sell them to me at a lower price because I was going to use them, and not resell them. I was the only one interested in all of it, as most wanted to part it out. The box, and riser were chock full of high quality machinist tools, and some he had made too. I have had situations where once I had talked to them awhile they came way down, or gave me a great deal.Įxample I bought a Kennedy top box with a riser from a retired machinist who worked at CalTech making radio telescopes. Let them know that you are starting out in smithing, and that you will actually be using it as it was intended. If it comes out he hasn't had any calls on it, tons of calls but all no shows, or a lot of lookers only, it plays in your favor. If it isn't far from you, go check it out. ![]()
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![]() Starsky was full grown when I adopted him, so how could 9, or even 9 years and five months, be accurate? Wouldn't he have still been growing?īut after going back to his old photos, I realized he might not have been as grown as I remembered him being. While I thought he was 12 years old, Embark said he was only 9-that was a pleasant surprise! I was a little skeptical of the results at first. The Embark Age Test is 98% accurate +/- 5 months. The test gave me a breakdown of his age along with what it means for his health and behavior. When I received the results, they were easy to interpret. The whole thing only took me about 3 minutes andI received the final results after about 5 weeks. The process for the Embark Age Test is simple: collect a saliva sample from your dog's mouth using an easy-to-use cheek swab, package it up with included materials and mail back to Embark. I'm not a scientist so I don't know exactly what that means, but I knew it was something I wanted to try! The test estimates your dog's age by measuring DNA methylation. So when the new Embark Dog DNA Age Test came out, I decided to order it so that I could get a better idea of his true age. I started to think he was closer to 4 when I adopted him, making him around 12 years old now. He looked like an adult to me, but how old was he exactly? Over the past few years, he's been aging quickly, so I started thinking he might be older than the rescue and I had guessed. The rescue organization had him listed as about a year old, but I didn't know how accurate that was. When I adopted my dog, Starsky, I wasn't sure how old he was. Here's my honest experience: How Old is My Senior Dog, Really? ![]() I had the opportunity to try the test before its release. You might have heard of the breed DNA test that can break down the breed (or breeds!) in your dog, but this is a brand new test. Embark recently released a new DNA test for dogs. ![]() ![]() ![]() Later, in 1895, William Ramsey actually discovered helium on Earth. & Schwenn, R.) 147–150 (Pergamon, Oxford, 1992). In the 19th century, some of the spectral lines of sunlight did not match the lines of any substance on Earth, and it was proposed that they came from a new unknown chemical element, named helium (from the Greek helios -Sun). Interplanetary Dynamical Process (Interscience, New York, 1963). in Wave Propagation in Random Media (Scintillation) (eds Tatarskii. I estimate the size of the smallest filamentary structure within coronal holes to be about 1km at the Sun, approximately three orders of magnitude smaller than the smallest filamentary structures observed in images of different wavelengths 2,10–12. Here I argue that these features are the manifestation of a transition from small ray-like or filamentary structures in the corona that rotate with the Sun to turbulent density irregularities convecting with the solar wind. Two specific features that have proved difficult to explain are an abrupt increase in anisotropy of the irregularities close to the Sun 5–7, and a break in the power-law spectrum describing the density fluctuations 8,9. Radio measurements have established many of the characteristics of the density fluctuations in the corona and solar wind, but the fundamental nature of these structures is not yet fully understood 3,4. The structure can be investigated directly by imaging at optical and shorter wavelengths, or indirectly through the effects of changing electron density on the propagation of radio waves (scattering and scintillation). KNOWLEDGE of the structure of the Sun's corona is important for our understanding of how this high-temperature plasma is heated, and of the processes involved in the acceleration of the solar wind 1,2. ![]() ![]() Under these circumstances, XXXXX would, for a period of several months, serve as a “lame duck”. Provisions If SEMSA fails to win the bid in a subsequent bid cycle, NOR-CAL shall depend upon SEMSA to continue provision of all services required under the contract until the winning contractor takes over operations, up to the end of this Agreement. Overview of the Enactment of Appropriations Measures Before, During, and After Lame Duck SessionsBetween calendar years 19, lame duck sessions have in some instances afforded Congress an opportunity to complete action on regular appropriations for a fiscal year. Length and Timing of Lame Duck Sessions, 1935-2016In Congresses featuring a lame duck session, the preceding election break spanned an average of six to seven weeks and generally began by early to mid-October.5 During the break, the chambers either were in recess or held a series of pro forma sessions.6Lame duck sessions begin once regular, consecutive daily sessions resume after an election break. How Lame Duck Sessions May OccurUnder the Twentieth Amendment, lame duck sessions can still occur but only as a result of specific actions undertaken either by the Congress already sitting or by the President. Lame Duck Policy – Should an elected official not seek re-election or not be re- elected, 75% of the departmental budget will be encumbered to limit spending to 25%, equal to the time remaining in office. Lame Duck Sessions Before the Twentieth AmendmentThe Constitution originally provided that the regular sessions of Congress begin annually on the first Monday in December. See CRS Report R45154, Lame Duck Sessions of Congress, 1935-2018 (74th-115th Congresses). Length of Lame Duck SessionsDuring the period in which Congress has consistently held lame duck sessions, they havegenerally begun in mid-November, or about a week following the election. Length of Lame Duck SessionsTwentieth century lame duck sessions usually convened in mid- to late-November and adjourned sine die before Christmas. With the recent Republican victories nationwide, many pundits have been speculating that Washington will be in perpetual gridlock, at least through the end of the next election cycle.Characteristics of Lame Duck Sessions, 1935-1998Lame duck sessions were used sporadically by Congress from 1935, when the TwentiethAmendment became effective, to 1998, when just the House met following the election.Ĭharacteristics of Lame Duck Sessions, 2000-presentSince 2000 (106th Congress), both the House and Senate have reconvened after every election see Table 3. Speakers often use the phrase to imply mean-spiritedly that the politicians are unable to accomplish what they want to before the clock runs out. Some lawmakers considering items of business - in this year’s case, many Democrats - will not be around in the next Congress. Nowadays, the phrase refers to a president or congressperson in the final days of his or her tenure.Ĭongress meets for lame-duck sessions after general elections in November but before the successor’s term begins in January. He has to be provided for,” according to the Online Etymology Dictionary. The first published instance of this second definition came in 1878 with a quote from Abraham Lincoln, who allegedly said a “senator or representative out of business is a sort of lame duck. ![]() In the hands of Americans, it gradually took on the meaning of an ineffective public official serving out the remainder of his or her term. ![]() ![]() ![]() I want to ask you about hockey because you obviously had a connection with Gord, The Hip and hockey. Dave Bidini is one of the founding members of the Canadian rock group, The Rheostatics, who opened for the Hip on three national tours in the 1990s. He's also the author of 11 books including "the Tropic of Hockey" and "On a cold Road." Listen to Bidini's conversation with Checkup host Duncan McCue:ĭuncan McCue: My next guest is a musician who knew Gord Downie for many years. "I'll remember as that person who would be the first to call and the first to write in both good and bad times." The late musician's passion for Canada's sport was evident in his songs, including "Heaven is a Better Place Today," "Fifty-Mission Cap" and "Fireworks."īidini, who knew Downie for many years, also remembers him as an "endlessly supportive" friend. "Gord was super playful, super gentle, super beautiful, but he was all business in the crease," Bidini said. Toronto Mayor John Tory tweeted that the Toronto sign will be lit in red and white and dimmed Wednesday evening in honor of Downie.This week, as we celebrated the life and legacy of Gord Downie, long-time friend, tourmate and teammate Dave Bidini gave us a glimpse into a side of Downie we don't normally see - the " gravely serious goalie." Tributes to the late singer poured in on social media. Our identity and culture are richer because of his music, which was always raw and honest - like Gord himself." When he spoke, he gave us goosebumps and made us proud to be Canadian. He painted landscapes with his words, elevating Canadian geography, historical figures, and myths. "Gord's command of language was profound. "The Tragically Hip's music invited us to explore places we had never been - from Mistaken Point to Churchill - and helped us understand each other, while capturing the complexity and vastness of the place we call home," the statement said. "He was the frontman of one of Canada's most iconic bands, a rock star, artist, and poet whose evocative lyrics came to define a country. "For almost five decades, Gord Downie uncovered and told the stories of Canada," Trudeau said. On Wednesday, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau released a statementthat touched on Downie's role as an influencer on Canada's culture. He was known for championing the causes of the country's indigenous people, social justice and the environment. "If you're a musician and you're born in Canada it's in your DNA to like the Tragically Hip," Green said.ĭownie also released five solo albums from 2001 to 2016, which only increased fans' adoration of him.Īnd as much as Canada loved Downie, he loved it back. "This feels like the right thing to do now, for Gord, and for all of us," the band said at the time in a statement.īorn in Kingston, Ontario, Downie loved playing hockey and became a lifelong fan of the Boston Bruins, which was strengthened by his godfather, Harry Sinden, serving as the team's coach and general manager.īut he loved music and songwriting even more.įormed in 1984, the Hip, as the band is commonly called, became one of Canada's premiere groups with hits such as "Wheat Kings," "Bobcaygeon" and "Ahead by a Century."Ĭity and Colour's Dallas Green told The Canadian Press in June 2016 that Downie was "the gold standard - the way he writes and cares about music and the way he cares about the song." Tragically Hip toured in summer 2016 as a way of dealing with the singer's diagnosis. The singer announced last year he had been diagnosed in December 2015 with terminal brain cancer. "Gord knew this day was coming - his response was to spend this precious time as he always had - making music, making memories and expressing deep gratitude to his family and friends for a life well lived, often sealing it with a kiss. "Last night Gord quietly passed away with his beloved children and family close by," the statement read. The statement was released via the band's official Twitter account and posted on its website. Gord Downie, frontman of the Canadian rock band Tragically Hip, has died, his family said in a statement Wednesday. ![]() |